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In episode 6 of our first season on AI, we heard from Kyunghyun Cho, a professor of computer science and data science at New York University, about how artificial intelligence research in academia so often resembles corporate product development.
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But in his initial talk with host Raffi Krikorian, Kyunghyun had a lot of other interesting things to say — for instance, about how AI models affect marginalized languages, on whether generative AI could produce something of cultural significance, and about the connection between AI “hallucinations” and creativity.

What does it take to build technology for good? Season 1 journeyed into the rapidly evolving world of artificial intelligence with Raffi Krikorian, Chief Technology Officer of Emerson Collective as he unpacked how this transformational technology can be developed and deployed with society’s best interests at its core. 
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Raffi engaged experts in the field on how to harness the incredible potential of AI while mitigating its risks. Season 2 explores the most valuable resource on our planet… data. Raffi invites listeners to become curious and informed about their data in order to build a better collective future. It’s more important than ever to educate ourselves on the benefits and tradeoffs of new technology — what’s at stake, but also what is possible.  
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The future is unknown, but we are technically optimistic.

The artificial intelligence landscape is filled with opportunity and risk. On the one hand, AI holds the promise of productivity, accessibility, and medical marvels. On the other, AI is feared as a threat to our social fabric. Depending on who you listen to, AI is either our path to a renaissance or the road to our ruin.
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The outcome is in the balance, which is why in the first episode of Technically Optimistic, host Raffi Krikorian speaks with John Markoff, journalist and author, about the history of AI; Suresh Venkatasubramanian, coauthor of the White House’s Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights and professor of computer science at Brown, about ethics; and Adrienne LaFrance, executive editor of The Atlantic, about AI’s impact on society. 
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In this wide-ranging episode, Krikorian, Emerson Collective’s Chief Technology Officer, explores the nuances and subtleties of the technological revolution we’re living through—to ask probing questions about the changes underway and understand what may happen and why it matters.

AI is at a crossroads. How did we get here?

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Historically, Silicon Valley has managed to perform a delicate dance with regulation. However, the explosive growth of artificial intelligence has brought forth an urgent question: given what we know about privacy, social media, data security, and so much else, should we regulate this technology this time around?
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In this two-part episode of Technically Optimistic, we delve into questions of power and what it would take to create guardrails for AI to ensure a prosperous and safe society. What is the balance of society, technology, and the law? What are the rules of the road, and who gets to write them? To address these questions, host Raffi Krikorian talks to Tristan Harris, founder of the Center for Humane Technology; human rights activist Sam Gregory, founder of Witness; Suresh Venkatasubramanian, professor of computer science; and Meredith Broussard, author and data scientist. Together, they explore the big, thorny questions of responsibility, privacy, creativity, and risk.

Part 1: Rules of the Road: Who has the power to regulate AI?

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The questions we face around who can govern AI are complex. If we want to reap the rewards of this technology, what – if any – regulatory solutions are needed to offer us the best outcomes? And who has the power to set these new rules in motion? 
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In Part 2 of this two-part episode of Technically Optimistic, we talk with the diverse thinkers who are proposing ways forward for AI governance and explore whether these solutions allow for innovative possibilities while also mitigating potential harm. What kinds of governance can we expect in the future, and how far from reality are our most idealistic proposals? Most importantly: is regulation even the best solution? To address these questions, host Raffi Krikorian talks to U.S. Senator Michael Bennet (D-CO); Tristan Harris, founder of the Center for Humane Technology; Congressman Jay Obernolte (R-CA); Phil Howard, Oxford professor and member of the International Panel on the Information Environment (IPIE); Ian Bremmer, author and political scientist; and Suresh Venkatasubramanian, professor of computer science. Together, they explore what it might mean to codify a regulatory system that creates safety without stifling ingenuity.


Part 2 - Rules of the Road: What might regulating AI look like?

https://res.cloudinary.com/dapibcwcy/image/upload/v1689367372/cdn/Podcast/Technically%20Optimistic/Transcripts/Technically-Optimistic-Transcript-Ep2-Part2.pdf

Can we use AI as a tool that enriches learning, rather than replacing it? We're seeing AI rapidly revolutionize the classroom and it's poised to completely transform both education and learning itself. But, how can we also ensure that everyone has access to the basics of tech and AI literacy so that we can all, every one of us, reap the benefits of AI and understand its nuances?
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In this episode, we explore the potential of AI to enrich learning, and discuss how we can ensure that everyone has the opportunity to benefit from this technology with student advocate Sneha Revanur; Sal Khan, founder of Khan Academy; Pat Yongpradit, Director of Education at [code.org](https://code.org "https://code.org"); Teemu Roos, professor at the University of Helsinki and leader of the AI Education program at the Finnish Center for Artificial Intelligence; and machine learning pioneer Professor Tom Mitchell. Together, they discuss the ways in which AI will shape education—and future generations.

Education and AI: What does AI have to teach us?

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We often speak about the AI revolution as though it were something that might happen in the far future. But, what about today, when AI is modifying our culture, society, and the economy as we speak? In this episode, we consider how AI is currently creating massive shifts, and the potential benefits and challenges we face right now. 
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Is AI revitalizing the economy, or is it on track to displace countless workers? Will AI render filmmakers and writers obsolete, or are we at the beginning of a modern-day cultural renaissance? And is AI being used to help preserve Indigenous cultures, or is it a tool to harvest their data for corporate gain? 
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To address these questions, host Raffi Krikorian speaks with Erik Brynjolfsson, Director of the Digital Economy Lab; Justine Bateman, actor, director, writer and producer; Ari Melenciano, artist and creative technologist; and Keolu Fox, assistant professor at the University of California, San Diego and co-founder and co-director of the Indigenous Futures Institute. Together, they chart a path to help us navigate AI in the current moment.

On Strike! How will AI impact the economy, culture, and the future of creativity?

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In the final episode of our limited series on AI, we look at the big issues of accountability and responsibility. How should we allocate the responsibilities for managing this technology? Who will decide when AIs are doing more harm than good? Will we be looking to private companies or depending on public servants? And what will be left for individual citizens to decide?
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To help unlock solutions to the growing challenge of AI responsibility, host Raffi Krikorian speaks with Maria Ressa, Nobel Prize-winning journalist and co-founder of Rappler; scientist and inventor Rosalind Picard from MIT’s Media Lab; James Manyika, Senior Vice President of Research, Technology, and Society at Google; Kyunghyun Cho, Professor of Computer Science and Data Science at New York University; Stanford Internet Observatory Research Manager Renee DiResta; and Professor and data journalist Meredith Broussard. Together, they discuss different approaches to AI responsibility, and look at what the future could hold for ethical accountability.


AI and Accountability: Who is responsible for managing AI?

https://res.cloudinary.com/dapibcwcy/image/upload/v1691194507/cdn/Podcast/Technically%20Optimistic/Transcripts/Technically_Optimistic_Transcript_-_Episode_6.pdf

The second season of Technically Optimistic is all about your data. Who’s taking it? What are they doing with it? And how can you gain back some control?
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Join host Raffi Krikorian, Chief Technology Officer of Emerson Collective, down this road. It’s going to lead to some predictable places — like AI and social media — but also to stories about health care, political campaigning, and criminal justice reform.

Season Two is all about your data

How has our data become the world’s most valuable resource?  What privacy tradeoffs are we making when we engage with personalized apps, recommendations, and always-connected smart devices? Is our personal data being used to make things better, or to make tech giants even more powerful? And what do “cookies” have to do with all this?
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Host Raffi Krikorian, Chief Technology Officer of Emerson Collective, chats with experts about data’s role in AI, “big data” and the data economy, surveillance capitalism, and much more. Guests include AI researcher Amba Kak, executive director of the AI Now Institute; data scientist Chris Wiggins, co-author of How Data Happened; media scholar, tech writer, and internet activist Ethan Zuckerman; engineer and inventor of the cookie Lou Montulli; and Harvard professor Jonathan Zittrain. 


How your behavior became the world’s biggest resource

https://res.cloudinary.com/dapibcwcy/image/upload/v1713982059/cdn/Podcast/Technically%20Optimistic/Transcripts/Technically_Optimistic_Transcript_-S2_Episode_1.pdf

When social media is at its best, we get genuine human connection, built-in audiences, and exciting avenues for creativity and exchange. But our current social platforms are built on a surveillance model, where our data is used to predict our behavior, show us ads, and train the algorithms that keep us perpetually on the platform. It’s time to explore a new vision for social media, where we don’t have to give up on privacy in order to connect. 
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In this episode, Raffi Krikorian, Chief Technology Officer of Emerson Collective, talks to prominent critics of existing social media — and the people actively reimagining it, with truly private messaging, hyperlocal communities, and renewed sense of control over our own social data. Guests include Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen, whose 2021 leaks made national news and put the social media giant in the Congressional spotlight; scholar and internet activist Ethan Zuckerman; President of the Signal Foundation Meredith Whittaker; Flipboard co-founder Mike McCue, and Harvard Law professor Jonathan Zittrain.

How to save social media

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Modern political campaigning has become a massive data operation. In the US, candidates from both parties frequently use data to try and better understand voters, in hopes of swaying them on election day. But how, exactly, is voter information being acquired, analyzed, and employed to influence voters? Do modeling and targeting really move the needle? And how are political campaigns a microcosm of the data economy, illuminating how data can transform society? 
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In this episode, Raffi talks to election veterans, data specialists, and former colleagues from his time as CTO at the Democratic National Committee, to talk about how data is utilized in campaigns. Guests include Dan Wagner, CEO of Civis Analytics; political consultant Max Wood; Lindsey Schuh Cortes, CEO of TargetSmart; and political strategist Tara McGowan.


Your data, your vote

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Digital surveillance is becoming increasingly threatening to the reproductive rights of women and pregnant people in America after the fall of Roe v. Wade. Behavioral data collected from apps can be used to catalog — and criminalize — our health care choices. In this “wild west” surveillance economy, who is responsible for safeguarding our privacy? Could more and more of our data be weaponized against us in this same way? How can technology be harnessed to help protect privacy, rather than further jeopardize it?
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Host Raffi Krikorian talks to people working to protect reproductive freedom in an ever-changing landscape. Guests include Sue Dunlap, the President and CEO of Planned Parenthood Los Angeles; Melanie Fontes Rainer, Director of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Office for Civil Rights; Kevin Williams, VP of digital products at Planned Parenthood; and Amy Merrill, digital director and co-founder of Plan C.


Digital surveillance and reproductive rights

https://res.cloudinary.com/dapibcwcy/image/upload/v1715811273/cdn/Podcast/Technically%20Optimistic/Transcripts/Technically_Optimistic_Transcript_-S2_Episode_4.pdf

New technologies, such as facial recognition, are being used by law enforcement to identify, locate, and convict people. Powered by data gathered from across the internet, these imperfect programs can sometimes get it wrong, resulting in wrongful arrests. Are these surveillance systems making us safer, or just the opposite? How can we conceptualize the relationship between data and criminal justice? Does the Fourth Amendment protect us from data-driven policing? And how can we maintain our own “cyber hygiene” to keep our data secure? 
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In this episode, Raffi talks to experts about these new technologies as they relate to our civil liberties, laws, and values. Guests include Kashmir Hill, New York Times privacy reporter and author of the book Your Face Belongs To Us; Jonathan Zittrain, Harvard professor and faculty director of the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society; Jennifer Lynch, general counsel at the Electronic Frontier Foundation; Jen Easterly, Director of the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency; and Congressman Ted Lieu (D-CA).


Policed by our data

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Whether we like it or not, the kids are online — and they’re being tracked just like the rest of us. Who’s after their data, and why? We examine the harms minors face online — from how tech companies profit off addictive usership, to the consequences of social media on kids’ mental health and emotional development — and we explore some new proposals for how to protect their privacy. Are more parental controls the answer? Should there be a “kids-only internet”? Will newly-proposed laws be the key? Or will these bills cause more harm than good?
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In this episode, Raffi is joined by U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal (D-CT); author Rosalind Wiseman; Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen; research fellow Tiera Tanksley; Jim Steyer, CEO of Common Sense Media; and Manmeet Dhindsa, attorney at the Federal Trade Commission.

Who’s watching the kids?

https://res.cloudinary.com/dapibcwcy/image/upload/v1717609320/cdn/Podcast/Technically%20Optimistic/Transcripts/Technically_Optimistic_Transcript_-S2_Episode_6.pdf

The data boom has had an outsized impact on India and the Global South. This episode explores how the data economy has changed life on the ground in South Asia — and for tech workers in the US. What does the future of caste look like for the South Asian diaspora, and in the tech world at large? What can be done to mitigate the harms of caste discrimination? How can tech help resource marginalized populations, enable social mobility, and design a more sustainable, empowered future?
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Raffi speaks with caste and technology scholar Murali Shanmugavelan; anthropologist Sareeta Amrute; Manu Chopra, CEO of Karya; Pratik Rajurkar, educator and co-founder of Polymath AI; and United Nations under-secretary-general, Amandeep Singh Gill.

The India episode — tech and data in the Global South

https://res.cloudinary.com/dapibcwcy/image/upload/v1718311783/cdn/Podcast/Technically%20Optimistic/Transcripts/Technically_Optimistic_Transcript_-S2_Episode_7.pdf

The way we use and understand data is rapidly evolving. So what does the future hold? Will backlash against surveillance capitalism result in protections that empower people to take control of their data? What’s going on with the new American Privacy Rights Act that’s currently moving through Congress? Raffi talks to experts about how we can understand — and help shape — the future of data, exploring new policy, digging into the concept of “digital doubles,” and assessing how data collection might play a role in coalition-building and reform.
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Guests include Congresswoman Anna Eshoo (D-CA); Brandon Pugh, policy director at the R Street Institute; author and internet activist Cory Doctorow; actor and SAG-AFTRA member Clark Gregg; and Amy Bach, CEO of Measures for Justice. 

What’s next for data

https://res.cloudinary.com/dapibcwcy/image/upload/v1718907707/cdn/Podcast/Technically%20Optimistic/Transcripts/Technically_Optimistic_Transcript_-S2_Episode_8.pdf

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